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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title> </title>
		<link>http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1079</link>
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		<dc:date>2012-05-15T08:01:42Z</dc:date>
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		<description>&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Octahedral tilting in strained LaVO&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt; thin films&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/A%20la%20une/w_prellier%20figure.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 100px; height: 74px; float: left; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;H. Rotella, U. L&#252;ders, D. Chateigner, V. Dao et W. Prellier (CRISMAT, France), en collaboration avec P.E. Janolin (Ecole Centrale Paris, France), R. Feyerherm et E. Dudzik (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie, Germany) ont &#233;tudi&#233; l'effet de la contrainte biaxiale sur les rotations d'octa&#232;dres d'oxyg&#232;nes dans des films minces de LaVO3 en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron. Ils ont d'abord trouv&#233; que le film adopte une structure orthorhombique distordue sous l'effet de la contrainte compressive du substrat de SrTiO3. Puis, ils ont pu s&#233;parer la contribution des pics de superstructure provenant du d&#233;placement des cations et des rotations de VO6 afin de quantifier les angles de rotation. Finalement, ils ont trouv&#233; syst&#232;me de tilt original a^- a^+ c^-, qui est induite la contrainte biaxial du substrat. Les auteurs concluent que ces r&#233;sultats quantitatifs ouvrent de nouvelles directions pour comprendre la modification des propri&#233;t&#233;s &#233;lectroniques dans l'ing&#233;nierie des films minces d'oxydes. Ce travail a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233; dans la revue Physical Review B (mai 2012)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v85/i18/e184101&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Article paru dans \&quot;Physical review B&lt;/span&gt;\&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;May 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique17" rel="directory"&gt;&#192; la une&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Octahedral tilting in strained LaVO&lt;span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt; thin films&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L270xH201/w_prellier204e41-177c3.jpg&quot; style='height:201px;width:270px; float: left; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;' alt=&quot;&quot; width='270' height='201' /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;H. Rotella, U. L&#252;ders, D. Chateigner, V. Dao et W. Prellier (CRISMAT, France), en collaboration avec P.E. Janolin (Ecole Centrale Paris, France), R. Feyerherm et E. Dudzik (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie, Germany) ont &#233;tudi&#233; l'effet de la contrainte biaxiale sur les rotations d'octa&#232;dres d'oxyg&#232;nes dans des films minces de LaVO3 en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron. Ils ont d'abord trouv&#233; que le film adopte une structure orthorhombique distordue sous l'effet de la contrainte compressive du substrat de SrTiO3. Puis, ils ont pu s&#233;parer la contribution des pics de superstructure provenant du d&#233;placement des cations et des rotations de VO6 afin de quantifier les angles de rotation. Finalement, ils ont trouv&#233; syst&#232;me de tilt original a^- a^+ c^-, qui est induite la contrainte biaxial du substrat. Les auteurs concluent que ces r&#233;sultats quantitatifs ouvrent de nouvelles directions pour comprendre la modification des propri&#233;t&#233;s &#233;lectroniques dans l'ing&#233;nierie des films minces d'oxydes. Ce travail a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233; dans la revue Physical Review B (mai 2012)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v85/i18/e184101&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Article paru dans \&quot;Physical review B&lt;/span&gt;\&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;May 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Potentiostat</title>
		<link>http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1076</link>
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		<dc:date>2012-04-06T12:47:05Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:creator>strebel</dc:creator>



		<description>

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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique49" rel="directory"&gt;Nouveaux Mat&#233;riaux&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/distant/jpg/potentiostata212.jpg&quot; style='height:280px;width:500px;' alt=&quot;&quot; width='500' height='280' /&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Spectroscopie d'imp&#233;dance</title>
		<link>http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1074</link>
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		<dc:date>2012-04-06T12:41:54Z</dc:date>
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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique49" rel="directory"&gt;Nouveaux Mat&#233;riaux&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/distant/jpg/spectroimped69b2.jpg&quot; style='height:400px;width:500px;' alt=&quot;&quot; width='500' height='400' /&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title> Groupe Nouveaux Mat&#233;riaux </title>
		<link>http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article125</link>
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		<dc:date>2012-04-06T12:40:00Z</dc:date>
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		<description>&lt;h4&gt;Animateur scientifique : &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:vincent.caignaert@ensicaen.fr&quot; class='spip_mail'&gt;Vincent CAIGNAERT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Th&#233;matiques :&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Synth&#232;ses et caract&#233;risations d'oxydes et d'hybrides organique-inorganiques : Mat&#233;riaux multiferro&#239;ques, Mat&#233;riaux d'&#233;lectrode pour batteries, Mat&#233;riaux &#224; propri&#233;t&#233;s thermo&#233;lectriques, Mat&#233;riaux magn&#233;tocaloriques, Mat&#233;riaux pour la catalyse, Nouvelles charpentes d'oxydes et d'hybrides organique-inorganiques&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Mots cl&#233;s :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Synth&#232;se / Diffraction sur poudre / Microscopie &#233;lectronique / Caract&#233;risation &#233;lectrochimique / Transport &#233;lectronique et ionique / Electrochimie des solides &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Descriptions des activit&#233;s et objectifs :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; L'activit&#233; du groupe est centr&#233;e autour de la recherche et la caract&#233;risation de nouveaux mat&#233;riaux et l'&#233;tude des relations structure-propri&#233;t&#233;s. La caract&#233;risation structurale et microstructurale de ces nouveaux mat&#233;riaux se fait par la synergie des techniques de diffraction compl&#233;mentaires que sont les rayons X, les &#233;lectrons et les neutrons. Les propri&#233;t&#233;s physiques de ces mat&#233;riaux sont mesur&#233;es, pour une part au sein du groupe mais pour une grande part en collaboration directe avec les physiciens et autres sp&#233;cialistes du Laboratoire.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Techniques exp&#233;rimentales :&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Synth&#232;ses par diffusion en phase solide, hydrothermales, microondes, chimie douce (sol-gel, pr&#233;cipitation, &#233;change ionique et r&#233;dox)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article915&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Four image&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article910&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Four sous pression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article160&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Diffraction des rayons X sur poudre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article433&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Analyse thermique (ATG, DSC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1067&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Analyse chimique (absorption atomique, titration)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1071&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spectroscopie UV-vis Spectroscopie M&#246;ssbauer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1073&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Balance de Faraday (80K-800K)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1075&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spectroscopie d'imp&#233;dance (293K-1300K) sous atmosph&#232;re contr&#244;l&#233;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1077&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Potentiostats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Th&#232;mes transversaux :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;1/ Mat&#233;riaux pour l'&#233;nergie &lt;br&gt;
2/ Mat&#233;riaux de structure &lt;br&gt;
3/ Mat&#233;riaux fonctionels &lt;br&gt;
4/ Films minces et syst&#232;mes corr&#233;l&#233;s &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Collaborations nationales :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Universit&#233; Paul Sabatier (Toulouse) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Picardie Jules-Verne (Amiens) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire de Catalyse et Spectrochimie (Caen) &lt;br&gt;
Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (Versailles) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire des Mat&#233;riaux et du G&#233;nie Physique (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
Institut Gerhardt (Montpellier) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand) &lt;br&gt;
ICMCB (Bordeaux), &lt;br&gt;
IN et LNCMI (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
G2Elab (Saint-Martin d'H&#232;res). &lt;br&gt;
LPS (Orsay) &lt;br&gt;
LEMA (Tours) &lt;br&gt;
ICMMO (Orsay) &lt;br&gt;
GPM (Rouen) &lt;br&gt;
ILL (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
LLB (Saclay) &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h5&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Collaborations internationales :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
University of Michigan (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Californie &#224; Davis (USA) &lt;br&gt;
California Institute of Technologie CALTECH (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Argonne Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Oregon State University (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Imperial College (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Cambridge (UK) &lt;br&gt;
ISIS-Didcot (UK) &lt;br&gt;
Diamond-Didcot (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Liverpool (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Sheffield (UK) &lt;br&gt;
ICMAB (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Saint Jacques de Compostelle (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Georg-August-Universit&#228;t G&#246;ttingen (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Ecole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (Suisse) &lt;br&gt;
EMPA, Zurich (Suisse) &lt;br&gt;
Institute of Physics, Orissa (Inde) &lt;br&gt;
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (Inde) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire de Sciences des Mat&#233;riaux de l'ISTHB, Alger (Alg&#233;rie) &lt;br&gt;
D&#233;partement de Chimie, Universit&#233; des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran (Alg&#233;rie) &lt;br&gt;
EMAT, University of Antwerp (Belgique) &lt;br&gt;
Padova University (Italy) &lt;br&gt;
General Physics Institute RAS (Russia) &lt;br&gt;
INCEMC, Timisoara (Roumania) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; d'Aveiro (Portugal) &lt;br&gt;
Universidad de Guadalajara (Mexique) &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique49" rel="directory"&gt;Nouveaux Mat&#233;riaux&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Animateur scientifique : &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:vincent.caignaert@ensicaen.fr&quot; class='spip_mail'&gt;Vincent CAIGNAERT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Th&#233;matiques :&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Synth&#232;ses et caract&#233;risations d'oxydes et d'hybrides organique-inorganiques : Mat&#233;riaux multiferro&#239;ques, Mat&#233;riaux d'&#233;lectrode pour batteries, Mat&#233;riaux &#224; propri&#233;t&#233;s thermo&#233;lectriques, Mat&#233;riaux magn&#233;tocaloriques, Mat&#233;riaux pour la catalyse, Nouvelles charpentes d'oxydes et d'hybrides organique-inorganiques&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Mots cl&#233;s :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Synth&#232;se / Diffraction sur poudre / Microscopie &#233;lectronique / Caract&#233;risation &#233;lectrochimique / Transport &#233;lectronique et ionique / Electrochimie des solides &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Descriptions des activit&#233;s et objectifs :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt; L'activit&#233; du groupe est centr&#233;e autour de la recherche et la caract&#233;risation de nouveaux mat&#233;riaux et l'&#233;tude des relations structure-propri&#233;t&#233;s. La caract&#233;risation structurale et microstructurale de ces nouveaux mat&#233;riaux se fait par la synergie des techniques de diffraction compl&#233;mentaires que sont les rayons X, les &#233;lectrons et les neutrons. Les propri&#233;t&#233;s physiques de ces mat&#233;riaux sont mesur&#233;es, pour une part au sein du groupe mais pour une grande part en collaboration directe avec les physiciens et autres sp&#233;cialistes du Laboratoire.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Techniques exp&#233;rimentales :&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Synth&#232;ses par diffusion en phase solide, hydrothermales, microondes, chimie douce (sol-gel, pr&#233;cipitation, &#233;change ionique et r&#233;dox)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article915&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Four image&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article910&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Four sous pression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article160&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Diffraction des rayons X sur poudre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article433&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span rgb(128,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 0,=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot; 128);=&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;Analyse thermique (ATG, DSC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1067&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Analyse chimique (absorption atomique, titration)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1071&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spectroscopie UV-vis Spectroscopie M&#246;ssbauer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1073&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Balance de Faraday (80K-800K)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1075&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spectroscopie d'imp&#233;dance (293K-1300K) sous atmosph&#232;re contr&#244;l&#233;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1077&quot; class='spip_out'&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Potentiostats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#800080;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Th&#232;mes transversaux :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;1/ Mat&#233;riaux pour l'&#233;nergie &lt;br&gt;
2/ Mat&#233;riaux de structure &lt;br&gt;
3/ Mat&#233;riaux fonctionels &lt;br&gt;
4/ Films minces et syst&#232;mes corr&#233;l&#233;s &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;hr&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Collaborations nationales :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Universit&#233; Paul Sabatier (Toulouse) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Picardie Jules-Verne (Amiens) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire de Catalyse et Spectrochimie (Caen) &lt;br&gt;
Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (Versailles) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire des Mat&#233;riaux et du G&#233;nie Physique (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
Institut Gerhardt (Montpellier) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand) &lt;br&gt;
ICMCB (Bordeaux), &lt;br&gt;
IN et LNCMI (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
G2Elab (Saint-Martin d'H&#232;res). &lt;br&gt;
LPS (Orsay) &lt;br&gt;
LEMA (Tours) &lt;br&gt;
ICMMO (Orsay) &lt;br&gt;
GPM (Rouen) &lt;br&gt;
ILL (Grenoble) &lt;br&gt;
LLB (Saclay) &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h5&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Collaborations internationales :&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
University of Michigan (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Californie &#224; Davis (USA) &lt;br&gt;
California Institute of Technologie CALTECH (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Argonne Laboratory (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Oregon State University (USA) &lt;br&gt;
Imperial College (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Cambridge (UK) &lt;br&gt;
ISIS-Didcot (UK) &lt;br&gt;
Diamond-Didcot (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Liverpool (UK) &lt;br&gt;
University of Sheffield (UK) &lt;br&gt;
ICMAB (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; de Saint Jacques de Compostelle (Espagne) &lt;br&gt;
Georg-August-Universit&#228;t G&#246;ttingen (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln (Germany) &lt;br&gt;
Ecole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (Suisse) &lt;br&gt;
EMPA, Zurich (Suisse) &lt;br&gt;
Institute of Physics, Orissa (Inde) &lt;br&gt;
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (Inde) &lt;br&gt;
Laboratoire de Sciences des Mat&#233;riaux de l'ISTHB, Alger (Alg&#233;rie) &lt;br&gt;
D&#233;partement de Chimie, Universit&#233; des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran (Alg&#233;rie) &lt;br&gt;
EMAT, University of Antwerp (Belgique) &lt;br&gt;
Padova University (Italy) &lt;br&gt;
General Physics Institute RAS (Russia) &lt;br&gt;
INCEMC, Timisoara (Roumania) &lt;br&gt;
Universit&#233; d'Aveiro (Portugal) &lt;br&gt;
Universidad de Guadalajara (Mexique) &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Balance de Faraday</title>
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		<title>Mossbauer</title>
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		<dc:date>2012-04-06T12:17:26Z</dc:date>
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		<title>Absorption atomique</title>
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		<title> Supraconductivit&#233; et r&#233;seau de vortex</title>
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		<dc:date>2012-03-29T14:05:45Z</dc:date>
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		<description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;109&quot; width=&quot;208&quot; align=&quot;absMiddle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/ybcoSANS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;max-width: 500px; max-height: 100000px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;Clich&#233; de diffraction du r&#233;seau de vortex dans YBa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;Cu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;6.93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;Pautrat, Simon, Goupil, Br&#251;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;(Coll CRISMAT/LLB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nous &#233;tudions depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es l&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a supraconductivit&#233;&lt;/span&gt;. Historiquement, ces &#233;tudes ont commenc&#233; apr&#232;s la d&#233;couverte de la supraconductivit&#233; HTc en 1986 dans les oxydes de cuivre dont les phases avaient &#233;t&#233; stabilis&#233;es au laboratoire. Les &#233;tudes se sont concentr&#233;es sur la synth&#232;se et l'&#233;tude des propri&#233;t&#233;s physiques de monocristaux d'oxydes de cuivre, puis sur la modification de leur propri&#233;t&#233; par irradiation aux ions lourds. Nous travaillons maintenant sur le r&#244;le de la surface pour la physique des &lt;strong&gt;r&#233;seaux de vortex&lt;/strong&gt;, qui contr&#244;lent en particuliers les propri&#233;t&#233;s d'ancrage (le courant critique) et de transport de courant.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cette th&#233;matique a la particularit&#233; de comporter deux aspects, l'un fondemental li&#233; &#224; la physique des syst&#232;mes d&#233;sordonn&#233;s et des fluides quantiques, et l'autre tr&#232;s pratique li&#233; &#224; l'optimisation des propri&#233;t&#233;s d'un supraconducteur. Les techniques exp&#233;rimentales que nous utilisons, en plus des caract&#233;risations classiques, sont &lt;a href=&quot;#diff&quot;&gt;la diffraction neutronique&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;#bruit&quot;&gt;le transport non lin&#233;aire et le bruit&lt;/a&gt; ainsi que &lt;a href=&quot;#impedance&quot;&gt;l'imp&#233;dance complexe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pour une introduction &#224; la ph&#233;nom&#233;nologie des r&#233;seaux de vortex (ancrage et dynamique, essentiellement sur les supraconducteurs conventionels) :&lt;a href=&quot;http://192.168.226.48/IMG/pdf/intro_aux_supra_et_phenomenologie_des_reseaux_vortex.pdf&quot;&gt; cliquez ici&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pour une introduction &#224; nos travaux r&#233;cents : &lt;a href=&quot;http://192.168.226.48/IMG/pdf/etude_des_reseaux_vortex_supraconducteurs.pdf&quot;&gt;cliquez ici &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;diff&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;La diffraction neutronique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;166&quot; width=&quot;600&quot; align=&quot;textTop&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/sans-2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;108&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/spectro.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 : Diffractom&#232;tre aux petits angles tel que PAXY (LLB), D11 et D22 (ILL) et g&#233;om&#233;trie exp&#233;rimentale classiquement utilis&#233;e.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Le r&#233;seau de vortex est une structure p&#233;riodique de quantum de flux peuplant. l'&#233;tat mixte supraconducteur. Sa pr&#233;diction par Abrikosov en 1957 lui a valu le prix Nobel de physique en 2003, la v&#233;rification exp&#233;rimentale &#233;tant r&#233;alis&#233;e par diffraction neutronique (Cribier et al &#224; SACLAY en 1967), suite &#224; une suggestion parue dans un article de De Gennes. Depuis, la diffraction neutronique est un outil privil&#233;gi&#233; pour l'&#233;tude des r&#233;seaux de vortex.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img hspace=&quot;10&quot; height=&quot;159&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; border=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/Bi2212.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Figure de diffraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;du r&#233;seau de vortex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;dans Bi-2212&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; (mesur&#233; sur D22 &#224; l'ILL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nous avons r&#233;alis&#233; de nombreuses &#233;tudes des r&#233;seaux de vortex par diffraction neutronique, sur des r&#233;seaux statiques ou en mouvement, afin de clarifier le lien entre la structure des r&#233;seaux, les propri&#233;t&#233;s de transport et d'ancrage et la distribution des courants critiques.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_right&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;184&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/reord_cr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 3 : Mise en ordre orientationelle du r&#233;seau de vortex dynamique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;(mesur&#233; sur PAXY- LLB dans du Pb In polycristallin)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Structure of the flux lines lattice in NbSe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; : Equilibrium state and influence of the magnetic history&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; : A. Pautrat, M. Aburas et al,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt; Phys. Rev. B 79, 184511 (2009)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Persistence of an ordered flux line lattice above the second peak in Bi&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Sr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CaCu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8+&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; A. Pautrat, Ch. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Simon et al, &lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;75&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;224512&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt; (2007)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;etastable states of a flux-line lattice studied by transport and small-angle neutron scattering&lt;/em&gt;, A. Pautrat, J. Scola, Ch. Simon, P. Mathieu, A. Br&#251;let, C. Goupil, M. J. Higgins, and S.Bhattacharya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;064517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (2005)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Distribution of Transport Current in a Type-II Superconductor Studied by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;A. 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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Measurement of vortex motion in a type-II superconductor : A novel use of the neutron spin-echo technique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, E. M. Forgan, P. G. Kealey, S. T. Johnson, A. Pautrat, Ch. Simon, S. L. Lee, C. M. Aegerter, R. Cubitt, B. Farago, and P. Schleger, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. Lett. 85,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;3488 (2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;bruit&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;Le transport non lin&#233;aire et le bruit de vortex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La premi&#232;re propri&#233;t&#233; d'un r&#233;seau de vortex ancr&#233; est de pr&#233;senter un caract&#233;ristique Tension Courant V(I) non Ohmique, avec l'existence d'un courant seuil sous lequel V=0 : c'est le courant critique Ic. Quand I&gt;Ic, le r&#233;seau de vortex se met en mouvement dissipatif. Une partie de nos travaux est li&#233;e &#224; la compr&#233;hension de Ic, et &#224; son contr&#244;le via les &#233;tats de surface du supraconducteur.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;249&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/vdei.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;L'apparente simplicit&#233; de la courbe V(I) (ici mesur&#233;e dans du Niobium) ne doit pas faire oublier que des processus complexes doivent expliquer que le r&#233;gime ne devient pas ohmique &#224; fort courant, i.e. les vortex continuent &#224; interagir avec le potentiel d'ancrage m&#234;me &#224; forte vitesse. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;306&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/bruitmanip-2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 4 : montage exp&#233;rimental utilis&#233; pour mesurer le bruit de vortex. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Comme le montre la diffraction neutronique, le r&#233;seau de vortex en mouvement est un syst&#232;me ordonn&#233; et tr&#232;s coh&#233;rent. N&#233;anmoins, il existe des petites fluctuations de vitesse et de flux magn&#233;tique dont l'existence est impos&#233;e par les bilans dissipatifs et la forme de la V(I). Leur &#233;tude permet de localiser les sources d'instabilit&#233;s et donc d'ancrage que l'on d&#233;montre superficielles, mais aussi de mieux appr&#233;hender le mouvement complexe des vortex,. Dans les tout petits supraconducteurs et en renfor&#231;ant la potentiel d'ancrage en surface (traitement au FIB), on arrive &#224; stabiliser des &#233;tats o&#249; les fluctuations statistiques sont tr&#232;s particuli&#232;res, du type vol de L&#233;vy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;209&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/spectrumcompar.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 5 : Spectres de tension du bruit de vortex pour diff&#233;rentes conditions exp&#233;rimentales (&#233;tat mixte, supraconductivit&#233; de surface). On induit un changement drastique dans le temps de corr&#233;lation des fluctuations apr&#232;s une irradiation de surface. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Narrow-band noise due to the moving vortex lattice in superconducting niobium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: blue;&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Alain Pautrat and Joseph Scola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;display: none; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;We report measu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;rements of voltage noise due to vortex motion in Niobium, a conventional low-T&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; superconductor. A coherent oscillation leading to narrow-band noise (NBN) is evidenced. Its characteristic frequency is a linear function of the overcritical transport current in the flux-flow regime, and hence scales as the main velocity of the vortex flow. The associated length scale is not the intervortex distance but the width of the sample, indicating temporal coherence at a large scale. NBN is also observed in the nonlinear part of the V(I) at the onset of depinning, in apparent disagreement with a stochastic creep motion of flux bundles. NBN exists in the peak effect region, showing that long-range temporal correlations are preserved in th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B 79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, 024507 (2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Experimental study of the correlation length of critical-current fluctuations in the presence of surface disorder : Probing vortex long-range interactions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, J. Scola, A. Pautrat, C. Goupil, and Ch. Simon, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;024508&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; (2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;New insight into the fluctuations of the moving vortex lattice : Non-Gaussian noise and Levy flight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;J. Scola, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;A. Pautrat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, C. Coupil et a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;l.&lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;, Fluctuations and Noise Letters&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;287 (2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oltage noise and surface current fluctuations in the superconducting surface sheath :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;J. Scola, A. Pautrat, et al, &lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;012507&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; (2005)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;impedance&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La transition de d&#233;sancrage vue par la r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;277&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/impedancemanip.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Figure 6 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;montage exp&#233;rimental utilis&#233; pour mesurer la r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire d'un supraconducteur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La transition de d&#233;sancrage du r&#233;seau de vortex peut &#234;tre &#233;tudi&#233;e via sa r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire en utilisant des mesures d'imp&#233;dance complexe. Ces travaux, r&#233;alis&#233;s en collaboration avec le laboratoire Pierre Aigrain de l'ENS (B. Pla&#231;ais et al), montrent que ce syst&#232;me est r&#233;git par une &#233;lectrodynamique &#224; deux modes, o&#249; le mode de volume est libre et l'&#233;lasticit&#233; non locale du r&#233;seau de vortex se r&#233;percute dans l'existence d'un mode de surface r&#233;gissant le courant critique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;246&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/depinning.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Figure 7 : Spectre exp&#233;rimental (points) et r&#233;ponse &#224; deux modes (trait plein) de la transition de d&#233;sancrage en r&#233;gime lin&#233;aire dans YBaCuO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; text-align: justify; top: 20053px; left: 106px;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;Ee&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Electrodynamics of the vortex lattice in untwinned YBaCuO by complex impedance measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hithilite&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Pautrat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hithilite&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; Daignere, C. Goupil et al,&lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;European Physical Journal B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;33,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;279 (2003&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Evidence for vortex surface pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-delta from the frequency dependence of the complex penetration depth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, Alain Pautrat, Christophe Goupil, Charles Simon, Norbert L&#252;tke-Entrup, Bernard Pla&#231;ais, Patrice Mathieu, Yvan Simon, Alexander Rykov, and Setsuko Tajima, &lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. B &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;63&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;054503&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt; (2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;High-frequency linear AC response of a pinned vortex lattice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, N. Lutke-Entrup, B. Placais, P. Mathieu, Y. Simon, A.Pautrat, C. Goupil, Ch. Simon, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Physica B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;284&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;719 (2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique173" rel="directory"&gt;Supraconductivit&#233; et r&#233;seau de vortex&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='109' width='208' align=&quot;absMiddle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/ybcoSANS.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:109px;width:208px;max-width: 500px; max-height: 100000px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;Clich&#233; de diffraction du r&#233;seau de vortex dans YBa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;Cu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153);&quot;&gt;6.93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;Pautrat, Simon, Goupil, Br&#251;let&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;(Coll CRISMAT/LLB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nous &#233;tudions depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es l&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a supraconductivit&#233;&lt;/span&gt;. Historiquement, ces &#233;tudes ont commenc&#233; apr&#232;s la d&#233;couverte de la supraconductivit&#233; HTc en 1986 dans les oxydes de cuivre dont les phases avaient &#233;t&#233; stabilis&#233;es au laboratoire. Les &#233;tudes se sont concentr&#233;es sur la synth&#232;se et l'&#233;tude des propri&#233;t&#233;s physiques de monocristaux d'oxydes de cuivre, puis sur la modification de leur propri&#233;t&#233; par irradiation aux ions lourds. Nous travaillons maintenant sur le r&#244;le de la surface pour la physique des &lt;strong&gt;r&#233;seaux de vortex&lt;/strong&gt;, qui contr&#244;lent en particuliers les propri&#233;t&#233;s d'ancrage (le courant critique) et de transport de courant.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cette th&#233;matique a la particularit&#233; de comporter deux aspects, l'un fondemental li&#233; &#224; la physique des syst&#232;mes d&#233;sordonn&#233;s et des fluides quantiques, et l'autre tr&#232;s pratique li&#233; &#224; l'optimisation des propri&#233;t&#233;s d'un supraconducteur. Les techniques exp&#233;rimentales que nous utilisons, en plus des caract&#233;risations classiques, sont &lt;a href=&quot;#diff&quot;&gt;la diffraction neutronique&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;#bruit&quot;&gt;le transport non lin&#233;aire et le bruit&lt;/a&gt; ainsi que &lt;a href=&quot;#impedance&quot;&gt;l'imp&#233;dance complexe&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pour une introduction &#224; la ph&#233;nom&#233;nologie des r&#233;seaux de vortex (ancrage et dynamique, essentiellement sur les supraconducteurs conventionels) :&lt;a href=&quot;http://192.168.226.48/IMG/pdf/intro_aux_supra_et_phenomenologie_des_reseaux_vortex.pdf&quot;&gt; cliquez ici&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pour une introduction &#224; nos travaux r&#233;cents : &lt;a href=&quot;http://192.168.226.48/IMG/pdf/etude_des_reseaux_vortex_supraconducteurs.pdf&quot;&gt;cliquez ici &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;diff&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;La diffraction neutronique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='139' width='500' align=&quot;textTop&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/sans-2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:139px;width:500px;' /&gt;&lt;img height='108' width='200' border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/spectro.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:108px;width:200px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 : Diffractom&#232;tre aux petits angles tel que PAXY (LLB), D11 et D22 (ILL) et g&#233;om&#233;trie exp&#233;rimentale classiquement utilis&#233;e.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Le r&#233;seau de vortex est une structure p&#233;riodique de quantum de flux peuplant. l'&#233;tat mixte supraconducteur. Sa pr&#233;diction par Abrikosov en 1957 lui a valu le prix Nobel de physique en 2003, la v&#233;rification exp&#233;rimentale &#233;tant r&#233;alis&#233;e par diffraction neutronique (Cribier et al &#224; SACLAY en 1967), suite &#224; une suggestion parue dans un article de De Gennes. Depuis, la diffraction neutronique est un outil privil&#233;gi&#233; pour l'&#233;tude des r&#233;seaux de vortex.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img hspace='' height='159' width='160' border=&quot;5&quot; align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/Bi2212.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='margin:10px;height:159px;width:160px;' /&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; Figure de diffraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;du r&#233;seau de vortex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;dans Bi-2212&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; (mesur&#233; sur D22 &#224; l'ILL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nous avons r&#233;alis&#233; de nombreuses &#233;tudes des r&#233;seaux de vortex par diffraction neutronique, sur des r&#233;seaux statiques ou en mouvement, afin de clarifier le lien entre la structure des r&#233;seaux, les propri&#233;t&#233;s de transport et d'ancrage et la distribution des courants critiques.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_right&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='184' width='400' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/reord_cr.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:184px;width:400px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 3 : Mise en ordre orientationelle du r&#233;seau de vortex dynamique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;(mesur&#233; sur PAXY- LLB dans du Pb In polycristallin)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences&lt;/strong&gt; :&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Structure of the flux lines lattice in NbSe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; : Equilibrium state and influence of the magnetic history&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; : A. Pautrat, M. Aburas et al,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt; Phys. Rev. B 79, 184511 (2009)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Persistence of an ordered flux line lattice above the second peak in Bi&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Sr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CaCu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8+&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; A. Pautrat, Ch. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Simon et al, &lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;75&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;224512&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt; (2007)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;etastable states of a flux-line lattice studied by transport and small-angle neutron scattering&lt;/em&gt;, A. Pautrat, J. Scola, Ch. Simon, P. Mathieu, A. Br&#251;let, C. Goupil, M. J. Higgins, and S.Bhattacharya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;064517&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; (2005)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Distribution of Transport Current in a Type-II Superconductor Studied by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;A. 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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Measurement of vortex motion in a type-II superconductor : A novel use of the neutron spin-echo technique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;, E. M. Forgan, P. G. Kealey, S. T. Johnson, A. Pautrat, Ch. Simon, S. L. Lee, C. M. Aegerter, R. Cubitt, B. Farago, and P. Schleger, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. Lett. 85,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;3488 (2000)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;bruit&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;Le transport non lin&#233;aire et le bruit de vortex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt; La premi&#232;re propri&#233;t&#233; d'un r&#233;seau de vortex ancr&#233; est de pr&#233;senter un caract&#233;ristique Tension Courant V(I) non Ohmique, avec l'existence d'un courant seuil sous lequel V=0 : c'est le courant critique Ic. Quand I&gt;Ic, le r&#233;seau de vortex se met en mouvement dissipatif. Une partie de nos travaux est li&#233;e &#224; la compr&#233;hension de Ic, et &#224; son contr&#244;le via les &#233;tats de surface du supraconducteur.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='249' width='300' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/vdei.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:249px;width:300px;' /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;L'apparente simplicit&#233; de la courbe V(I) (ici mesur&#233;e dans du Niobium) ne doit pas faire oublier que des processus complexes doivent expliquer que le r&#233;gime ne devient pas ohmique &#224; fort courant, i.e. les vortex continuent &#224; interagir avec le potentiel d'ancrage m&#234;me &#224; forte vitesse. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='306' width='450' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/bruitmanip-2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:306px;width:450px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 4 : montage exp&#233;rimental utilis&#233; pour mesurer le bruit de vortex. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Comme le montre la diffraction neutronique, le r&#233;seau de vortex en mouvement est un syst&#232;me ordonn&#233; et tr&#232;s coh&#233;rent. N&#233;anmoins, il existe des petites fluctuations de vitesse et de flux magn&#233;tique dont l'existence est impos&#233;e par les bilans dissipatifs et la forme de la V(I). Leur &#233;tude permet de localiser les sources d'instabilit&#233;s et donc d'ancrage que l'on d&#233;montre superficielles, mais aussi de mieux appr&#233;hender le mouvement complexe des vortex,. Dans les tout petits supraconducteurs et en renfor&#231;ant la potentiel d'ancrage en surface (traitement au FIB), on arrive &#224; stabiliser des &#233;tats o&#249; les fluctuations statistiques sont tr&#232;s particuli&#232;res, du type vol de L&#233;vy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='209' width='280' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/spectrumcompar.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:209px;width:280px;' /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(128, 128, 128);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Figure 5 : Spectres de tension du bruit de vortex pour diff&#233;rentes conditions exp&#233;rimentales (&#233;tat mixte, supraconductivit&#233; de surface). On induit un changement drastique dans le temps de corr&#233;lation des fluctuations apr&#232;s une irradiation de surface. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Narrow-band noise due to the moving vortex lattice in superconducting niobium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: blue;&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Alain Pautrat and Joseph Scola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;display: none; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;We report measu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;rements of voltage noise due to vortex motion in Niobium, a conventional low-T&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; superconductor. A coherent oscillation leading to narrow-band noise (NBN) is evidenced. Its characteristic frequency is a linear function of the overcritical transport current in the flux-flow regime, and hence scales as the main velocity of the vortex flow. The associated length scale is not the intervortex distance but the width of the sample, indicating temporal coherence at a large scale. NBN is also observed in the nonlinear part of the V(I) at the onset of depinning, in apparent disagreement with a stochastic creep motion of flux bundles. NBN exists in the peak effect region, showing that long-range temporal correlations are preserved in th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B 79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, 024507 (2009)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Experimental study of the correlation length of critical-current fluctuations in the presence of surface disorder : Probing vortex long-range interactions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, J. Scola, A. Pautrat, C. Goupil, and Ch. Simon, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;024508&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; (2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;New insight into the fluctuations of the moving vortex lattice : Non-Gaussian noise and Levy flight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;J. Scola, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;A. Pautrat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, C. Coupil et a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;l.&lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;, Fluctuations and Noise Letters&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;287 (2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oltage noise and surface current fluctuations in the superconducting surface sheath :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;J. Scola, A. Pautrat, et al, &lt;span class=&quot;journal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;volume&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;page&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;012507&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; (2005)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Courier New&quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;impedance&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La transition de d&#233;sancrage vue par la r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;spip_documents spip_documents_center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height='277' width='450' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/impedancemanip.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:277px;width:450px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Figure 6 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;montage exp&#233;rimental utilis&#233; pour mesurer la r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire d'un supraconducteur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La transition de d&#233;sancrage du r&#233;seau de vortex peut &#234;tre &#233;tudi&#233;e via sa r&#233;ponse lin&#233;aire en utilisant des mesures d'imp&#233;dance complexe. Ces travaux, r&#233;alis&#233;s en collaboration avec le laboratoire Pierre Aigrain de l'ENS (B. Pla&#231;ais et al), montrent que ce syst&#232;me est r&#233;git par une &#233;lectrodynamique &#224; deux modes, o&#249; le mode de volume est libre et l'&#233;lasticit&#233; non locale du r&#233;seau de vortex se r&#233;percute dans l'existence d'un mode de surface r&#233;gissant le courant critique.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;img height='246' width='350' align=&quot;middle&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/physique/depinning.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style='height:246px;width:350px;' /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; color: rgb(51, 51, 153); font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Figure 7 : Spectre exp&#233;rimental (points) et r&#233;ponse &#224; deux modes (trait plein) de la transition de d&#233;sancrage en r&#233;gime lin&#233;aire dans YBaCuO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;quelques r&#233;f&#233;rences :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; text-align: justify; top: 20053px; left: 106px;&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;Ee&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Electrodynamics of the vortex lattice in untwinned YBaCuO by complex impedance measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hithilite&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Pautrat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hithilite&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, A.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt; Daignere, C. Goupil et al,&lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;European Physical Journal B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;33,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;279 (2003&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: smaller;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Evidence for vortex surface pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-delta from the frequency dependence of the complex penetration depth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;, Alain Pautrat, Christophe Goupil, Charles Simon, Norbert L&#252;tke-Entrup, Bernard Pla&#231;ais, Patrice Mathieu, Yvan Simon, Alexander Rykov, and Setsuko Tajima, &lt;i&gt;Phys. Rev. B &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;63&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt;054503&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;databold&quot;&gt; (2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title> </title>
		<link>http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1056</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?article1056</guid>
		<dc:date>2012-03-22T09:25:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>strebel</dc:creator>



		<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Helicoidal magnetic order induces a record high electrical polarization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/A%20la%20Une/maxim%20mostovoy.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 100px; height: 86px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; float: left;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;Maxim Mostovoy, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://physics.aps.org/articles/v5/16&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;Viewpoint : Multiferroic Propellers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;Now, however, Roger Johnson and co-workers at the University of Oxford, UK, with collaborators in France, report in Physical Review Letters on achieving giant polarization in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span role=&quot;textbox&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-19&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-20&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-21&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-22&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-23&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-24&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-25&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-26&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-27&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;Published February 6, 2012 | Physics 5, 16 (2012) | DOI : 10.1103/Physics.5.16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;a href="http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/spip.php?rubrique17" rel="directory"&gt;&#192; la une&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;article-inset&quot;&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;citation-box&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;citation&quot;&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;Giant Improper Ferroelectricity in the Ferroaxial Magnet &lt;span&gt;CaMn7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;target-author&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;R. D. Johnson, L. C. Chapon, D. D. Khalyavin, P. Manuel, P. G. Radaelli, and C. Martin&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;short_cite&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;journal&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&gt;Phys. Rev. Lett.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;pubdate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;Published February 6, 2012 | PDF (free)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;image-box&quot;&gt; &lt;figure&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;figure-popup figure-large&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;figure-popup figure-large&quot; data-dimensions=&quot;[600,518]&quot; href='http://physics.aps.org/articles/large_image/f1/10.1103/Physics.5.16'&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Figure 1&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L300xH259/be3fa0603966e514-d1d05.png&quot; width='300' height='259' style='height:259px;width:300px;' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;figure-credit&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;APS/Carin Cain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;figcaption&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;figure-caption&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;figure-popup figure-large&quot;&gt;Figure 1&lt;/span&gt; (a) Helicoidal spin spiral in which the spin rotation axis and the induced polarization are parallel to the spiral wave vector. (b) Cycloidal spin spiral in which spins (red arrows) rotate around an axis normal to the spiral wave vector Q. The induced electric polarization P is normal to both the wave vector and the spin rotation axis. Green curve is the cyloid. (c) Propellerlike structure of &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-4&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.277em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.277em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.274em, 1000em, 2.596em, -0.928em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-5&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-6&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;Mn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.277em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.642em; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-7&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.745em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.277em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.252em, 1000em, 2.618em, -0.901em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-8&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-9&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.277em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.683em; vertical-align: -0.021em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; octahedra in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-10&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.894em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.17em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.145em, 1000em, 2.739em, -0.901em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-11&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-12&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-13&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.129em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.277em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.251em, 1000em, 2.617em, -0.901em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-14&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.277em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.939em; left: 2.628em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-15&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.17em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-16&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.746em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.277em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.252em, 1000em, 2.618em, -0.901em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-17&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.277em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.948em; left: 0.82em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-18&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.17em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.17em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.898em; vertical-align: -0.235em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, which changes the rotation direction when the sample is turned around.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/figcaption&gt; &lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Control of spin ordering in magnetic insulators with an applied electric field (also known as the magnetoelectric effect) can significantly reduce the power consumption of memory devices, but with no mobile charges present, it would seem to be an impossible task. Encouragingly, it was recently discovered that some magnetic orders induce an electric polarization, which couples spins to electric field. So far, the electrical polarization in such magnetic ferroelectrics (also called multiferroics) tends to be small and the N&#233;el magnetic transition temperature is usually well below liquid nitrogen temperature. Now, however, Roger Johnson and co-workers at the University of Oxford, UK, with collaborators in France, report in &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Physical Review Letters&lt;/span&gt; on achieving giant polarization in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-19&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-20&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-21&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-22&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-23&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-24&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-25&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-26&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-27&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The measured polarization is the highest measured magnetically induced polarization, persisting up to a N&#233;el temperature of &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-28&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.056em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.383em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.644em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-29&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-30&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-31&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 0em; vertical-align: 0em; width: 0.333em; display: inline-block;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-32&quot; class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-33&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.712em; vertical-align: -0.022em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Remarkably, this polarization appears to be induced by a long-period helicoidal (or proper-screw) spin spiral [see Fig. 1(a)], in which spins rotate around the spiral wave vector [1]. This discovery represents an important development for the field of magnetic ferroelectrics, as large polarization is crucial for electric manipulation of spins. It confirms earlier estimates of polarization from studies of polycrystalline samples [2].&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The most ubiquitous spin ordering that gives rise to ferroelectricity is the cycloidal spiral, in which spins rotate around an axis normal to the spiral wave vector. A cycloid&#8212;a curve traced by a point on the rim of a wheel rolling over a flat surface&#8212;is asymmetric along the direction normal to both the direction of motion and the wheel axis, and this is also the direction of the electric polarization induced by a spin cycloid [see Fig. 1(b)]. By contrast, helicoidal ferroelectrics are rare, and all materials studied so far are only weakly ferroelectric [3, 4].&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The clockwise or counterclockwise direction of spin rotation in the helicoidal spiral is described by a quantity called helicity. This quantity changes sign under inversion of all spatial coordinates and is the reason why, in magnets without inversion symmetry, spins often roll into a spiral. The sign of helicity is imposed by the crystal structure. The &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-34&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-35&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-36&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-37&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-38&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-39&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-40&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-41&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-42&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; crystals are, however, symmetric under inversion, and the positive or negative helicity is chosen spontaneously at the magnetic transition point. The direction of the electric polarization, which is set at the same transition temperature as the magnetic transition temperature, is determined by the direction of spin rotation in the spiral.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;One would think it is impossible to couple electric polarization to helicity because the direction of spin rotation in the helical spiral is preserved when the spiral axis is rotated, whereas the polarization vector oriented along the axis of the helix changes sign when the sample is turned around. The only way to make the electric polarization proportional to helicity is to &#8220;forbid&#8221; such crystal rotations, that is, the crystal should look different when viewed from above and from below [5]. Johnson and colleagues suggest that this can be a result of an axial lattice distortion transforming like a component of an &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;axial&lt;/span&gt; vector, which remains invariant under inversion and rotations around the helical axis, but changes sign when this axis is turned around. The authors show that in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-43&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-44&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-45&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-46&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-47&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-48&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-49&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-50&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-51&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, the axial vector is induced by the &#8220;propellerlike&#8221; structure formed by the manganese-oxygen octahedra in each unit cell [see Fig. 1(c)]. The product of this axial vector and helicity can be linearly coupled to electric polarization. The fact that the helical spiral induces electric polarization only in axial crystals also explains why the helicoidal ferroelectrics are less common than the cycloidal ones.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;But while the relation between helicity, axiality, and ferroelectricity may now be clear, why is the polarization of &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-52&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-53&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-54&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-55&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-56&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-57&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-58&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-59&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-60&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; so much larger than other helicoidal ferroelectrics ? The form of the magnetoelectric coupling for the helicoidal spiral, and the fact that it is incommensurate with the crystal lattice (the period of the helix is not a multiple of the lattice constant), points at the important role of the electron spin-orbit coupling. Due to this coupling, a pair of noncollinear spins pushes positively and negatively charged ions away from each other. The resulting electric dipole is typically rather small because the spin-orbit coupling is a weak relativistic effect for most magnetic materials, which makes one wonder why the polarization of &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-61&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-62&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-63&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-64&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-65&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-66&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-67&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-68&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-69&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is 5 times larger than that of &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-70&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.731em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.209em, 1000em, 2.537em, -0.649em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-71&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-72&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.729em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.649em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-73&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;TbMnO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 3.273em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-74&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.168em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; with a cylcoidal spiral ordering ? In addition, the spin noncollinearity in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-75&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-76&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-77&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-78&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-79&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-80&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-81&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-82&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-83&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is very small : the angle between neighboring spins along the helix axis is only &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-84&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.533em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.389em, 1000em, 2.523em, -0.657em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-85&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-86&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.684em; vertical-align: 0em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; degrees.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The case is clearly not yet settled. To introduce electric dipoles, the most efficient route is by pairs of collinear spins, which requires no relativistic interactions. However, this mechanism usually only works if magnetic modulation is commensurate with the lattice and it is not effective in spirals. This suggests an alternative interpretation of the origin of ferroelectricity in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-87&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-88&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-89&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-90&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-91&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-92&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-93&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-94&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-95&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. It turns out that the crystal lattice of this material also shows a small periodic incommensurate modulation below &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-96&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.589em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.383em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.636em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-97&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-98&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-99&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;250&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 0em; vertical-align: 0em; width: 0.333em; display: inline-block;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-100&quot; class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-101&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.712em; vertical-align: -0.022em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and the period of the magnetic ordering appearing below &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-102&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.056em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.383em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.644em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-103&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-104&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-105&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 0em; vertical-align: 0em; width: 0.333em; display: inline-block;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-106&quot; class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-107&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.712em; vertical-align: -0.022em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; equals two periods of the structural modulation [6]. This situation is reminiscent of stripes&#8212;atomic-scale rivulets of charge in the &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-108&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.218em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-109&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-110&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;Cu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.734em; vertical-align: -0.021em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-111&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.761em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-112&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-113&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.734em; vertical-align: -0.022em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; plane in high-temperature cuprate superconductors&#8212;in which the antiferromagnetic spin order changes sign when it crosses a charged stripe. Below &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-114&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.056em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.383em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.636em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-115&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-116&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-117&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;55&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 0em; vertical-align: 0em; width: 0.333em; display: inline-block;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-118&quot; class=&quot;mspace&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-119&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.712em; vertical-align: -0.022em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, neutron powder diffraction data indicate the existence of two different incommensurate magnetic modulations, and it turns out that the sum of their wave vectors equals the wave vector of the structural distortion. It seems this &#8220;synchronization&#8221; of structural and magnetic modulations enables the stronger nonrelativistic mechanism of magnetoelectric coupling. Further studies of magnetic states in this material are necessary to clarify the origin of its remarkably large electric polarization. However, the strong magnetoelectric coupling found in &lt;span class=&quot;aps-inline-formula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; role=&quot;textbox&quot; class=&quot;MathJax&quot;&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-120&quot; class=&quot;math&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.797em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.142em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.208em, 1000em, 2.536em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-121&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-122&quot; class=&quot;mrow&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-123&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.12em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.36em, 1000em, 2.544em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-124&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;CaMn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 2.664em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-125&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Span-126&quot; class=&quot;msub&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.673em; height: 0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -2.294em; left: 0em; clip: rect(1.361em, 1000em, 2.545em, -0.629em);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-127&quot; class=&quot;mtext&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.294em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; top: -1.992em; left: 0.836em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: MathJax_Main;&quot; id=&quot;MathJax-Span-128&quot; class=&quot;mn&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0pt; height: 2.142em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; width: 0pt; height: 0.88em; vertical-align: -0.167em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; will undoubtedly stimulate the search for other axial ferroelectrics to see if they too exhibit such a large polarization.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;References&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot;&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c1&quot;&gt;R. D. Johnson, L. C. Chapon, D. D. Khalyavin, P. Manuel, P. G. Radaelli, and C. Martin, &lt;span&gt;Phys. Rev. Lett.&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c2&quot;&gt;G. Zhang, S. Dong, Z. Yan, Y. Guo, Q. Zhang, S. Yunoki, E. Dagotto, and J.-M. Liu, &lt;span&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c3&quot;&gt;T. Kimura, J. C. Lashley, and A. P. Ramirez, &lt;span&gt;Phys. Rev. B&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c4&quot;&gt;M. Kenzelmann &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;et al.&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;Phys. Rev. Lett.&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c5&quot;&gt;T. Arima, &lt;span&gt;J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;c6&quot;&gt;W. Slawinski, R. Przenioslo, I. Sosnowska, and M. Bieringer, &lt;span&gt;J. Phys. Condens. Matter&lt;/span&gt; .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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		<description>&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;Giant Improper Ferroelectricity in the Ferroaxial Magnet &lt;span&gt;CaMn&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/image/A%20la%20Une/giant%20improper.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 100px; height: 105px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; float: left;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Johnson_R_D&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;R. D. Johnson&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Chapon_L_C&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;L. C. Chapon&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Khalyavin_D_D&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;D. D. Khalyavin&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Manuel_P&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;P. Manuel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Radaelli_P_G&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;P. G. Radaelli&lt;/a&gt;, and&lt;strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Martin_C&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;C. Martin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;aps-article-info&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;URL :&lt;a href='http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.067201' class=&quot;spip_url spip_out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow external&quot;&gt;http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Phy...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;DOI :10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.067201&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;PACS :75.85.+t, 61.05.fm, 75.25.-j, 77.80.-e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14px;&quot;&gt;Giant Improper Ferroelectricity in the Ferroaxial Magnet &lt;span&gt;CaMn&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/IMG/distant/jpg/giant20impro1e1b.jpg&quot; style='height:525px;width:500px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; float: left;' alt=&quot;&quot; width='500' height='525' /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Johnson_R_D&quot; class='spip_url spip_out' rel='external'&gt;http://publish.aps.org/search/field...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div id=&quot;aps-article-info&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Johnson_R_D&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;R. D. Johnson&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;1,2,*&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Chapon_L_C&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;L. C. Chapon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;2,3&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Khalyavin_D_D&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;D. D. Khalyavin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Manuel_P&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;P. Manuel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Radaelli_P_G&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;P. G. Radaelli&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Martin_C&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;C. Martin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;aps-affref&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;italic&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory-STFC, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156X, 38042 Grenoble, France&lt;br&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;Laboratoire CRISMAT, ENSICAEN, UMR F-6508 CNRS, 6 Boulevard du Marechal Juin, F-14050 Caen Cedex, France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;aps-marker-logos&quot;&gt;&lt;img class='aps-marker-icon' title=&quot;Selected for a Viewpoint in Physics&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L30xH30/physics_viewcc02-36ab0.gif&quot; width='30' height='30' style='height:30px;width:30px;' /&gt;&lt;img class='aps-marker-icon' title=&quot;Editors' Suggestion&quot; src=&quot;http://www-crismat.ensicaen.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L30xH30/prlsugg30x30bb17-6489d.gif&quot; width='30' height='30' style='height:30px;width:30px;' /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Received 20 October 2011 ; published 6 February 2012&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; See accompanying &lt;a href=&quot;http://physics.aps.org/viewpoint-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.067201&quot; class='spip_out' rel='external'&gt;&lt;em&gt;Physics&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Viewpoint&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;aps-abstractbox&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In rhombohedral &lt;span&gt;CaMn&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, an improper ferroelectric polarization of magnitude &lt;span&gt;2870&#8201;&#8201;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&#956;&lt;/span&gt;C&#8201;m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; is induced by an incommensurate helical magnetic structure that evolves below &lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;N1&lt;/sub&gt;=90&#8201;&#8201;K&lt;/span&gt;. The electric polarization was found to be constrained to the high symmetry threefold rotation axis of the crystal structure, perpendicular to the in-plane rotation of the magnetic moments. The multiferroicity is explained by the ferroaxial coupling mechanism, which in &lt;span&gt;CaMn&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt; gives rise to the largest magnetically induced, electric polarization measured to date.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;rights&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#169; 2012 American Physical Society&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;table medium-text&quot; id=&quot;aps-article-info&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;table-row&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;table-cell&quot;&gt;URL :&lt;a href='http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.067201' class=&quot;spip_url spip_out&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow external&quot;&gt;http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Phy...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;table-row&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;table-cell&quot;&gt;DOI :10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.067201&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;table-row&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;table-cell&quot;&gt;PACS :75.85.+t, 61.05.fm, 75.25.-j, 77.80.-e &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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